![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() The most common reaction against overcrowding and urban saturation is deconcentrating tourism flows in the outer edges of cities, using metropolization4 public schemes to spread-out tourism from the city centre to the hinterlands. This report reveals that tourism policies in major European cities are mainly oriented to increase economic benefits, attract profitable visitors and target tourism market share with limited environmental and social sustainability measures to mitigate negative tourism impacts. This consolidated trend is greatly increasing the pressure on cities to manage the urban transformations derived from touristification and gentrification1 and, other negative impacts of urban tourism such as precarious hospitality working conditions2 or natural resources misuse3, among others. In the last decade, most of the European cities have experienced an extraordinary tourism growth, either in mature capitals like London or Paris or in emerging destinations such as Lisbon or Reykjavík. In some cities the perception of cultural tourism as a ‘good’ form of tourism is beginning to be eroded by these changes. This has arguably led to touristification and gentrification effects, monocultural landscapes and growing penetration of cultural tourists into the interstitial spaces of everyday and private life. This has stimulated changes in urban space, with growing areas of cities being given over to mass cultural tourism practices. The desire of tourists to experience the everyday life of the local has also driven a shift from distribution systems based on tour operations to collaborative economy platforms for accommodation and the curation of urban experiences. ![]() Cities have played a central role in the recent development of the cultural tourism market, particularly as the focus of cultural consumption has shifted from high culture (Culture 1.0) to popular or everyday culture, and from tangible museums and monuments to intangible events and experiences, and from cultural tourism to creative tourism (Culture 4.0). Cultural Tourism is a key sector of the global tourism market, accounting for just under 40% of all international travel (UNWTO, 2018). ![]()
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